Nematode pest management in crops

 Nematode management 

The nematodes are nodular cylindrical worms. These can only be seen with a microscope. They live in soil and water. Some of these nematodes live as parasites on crops, damaging them and causing yield loss.

There are probably no crops that are not usually attacked by nematodes. The infestation of these nematodes stunted the growth of the crop, turned pale, and greatly reduced the yield of the leaves and pods. In our state, so far more than 90 nematodes are attacking and causing damage to crops. Most of the nematodes that can infect crops are long and cylindrical nematodes. In the third and fourth stages of some species, the mature worms resemble bean or bean form. The average length of nematodes is 0.3 mm. The first 4 mm. Will be up. When a homogeneous crop is grown in the ground over some time, the number of nematodes that depend on the crop stays largely in the soil. Thus the growth of the crop slows down and the yield decreases. The infestation of nematodes reduces the yield of crops and reduces the quality of produce, causing loss to the agricultural elite. In crops such as potatoes and carrots, the appearance of the tubers is distorted. Crops that are usually infested with nematodes appear to be suffering from nutrient deficiencies. The nematodes have an acupuncture-like unit structure wrapped around the head. This is done by absorbing the sap from the root and preventing the growth nutrients from entering the plant.

Nematode infect 

The nematodes can be divided into four types depending on where they choose to feed. They are. Complete agave nematodes Nematodes that do not fully penetrate the root Extrinsic nematodes Nematodes that feed on leaves, buds, and flowers Know the differences in the appearance of the garden due to nematode infestation and the symptoms found in the plant and follow the management practices accordingly. In the garden, there are sporadic crop growths. If there is moisture in the soil at noon they will look like they have withered. In addition, the crop will reach maturity prematurely.

Symptoms of nematode infested crops

Low growth in height and thickness 

Number of lower side branches on the plant

Decreasing the length of the nucleus

The leaves turn green and turn brown

The leaf margins are reddish and folded over

The branches come together to form a "cauliflower" -like structure

Leaf tip whitish, drooping downwards

Deformed buds or flowers

Although the effects of nematodes are known to the plant, it is important to examine the roots of the plant as well. These are the symptoms. Sally Rootless Roots - Roots of Kamala Orange Tree infested with nematode or lemon. Root nodules like moss - Carrot, pepper, ginger roots affected by root nodule nematode Young red or dark scratched wounds or scars - nematode infested beans and pea roots The growth of the rootstocks is stunted, and the lateral roots develop and become curved like a hockey stick over some time - the roots of the garlic which are infested with root nematodes Female nematodes stick to the roots, which turn white or yellow like bells - the roots of beans, peas, and potatoes, which are infested with ovarian nematodes.

Management methods

It is not possible to completely control the nematodes that damage the crops. Our main goal is to reduce their density as much as possible and to integrate technologies to control nematodes. They are respectively Excessive use of organic inputs Crop rotation and adherence to intercropping methods Selection and cultivation of crop varieties resistant to nematode attraction and destruction of nematodes by sedative crops Use of green manure crops Adherence to biological nematode management methods

Organic Inputs

Organic inputs such as manure, manure effluent, compost, sludge, vermicompost, compost, natural fertilizer and plant waste should be applied to the soil as required. When organic matter is deposited in the soil, it causes a small change in the physicochemical properties of the soil, which helps to reduce the proliferation of nematodes. The impact of nematodes is also reduced as crop growth stimulants released from organic inputs increase crop nutrition. Organic inputs stimulate the proliferation of nematodes and reduce the density of nematodes. In addition, when organic matter is dissolved in water, it releases liquids such as phenol and organic acid to control harmful nematodes.

Crop rotation and intercropping

To control nematodes that infest a crop, crop rotation should be followed by a selection of crops that are not susceptible to nematodes. Doing so continuously for three to four years will greatly reduce the number of nematodes.

Resistant crop varieties

Varieties that are usually nematode-resistant or resistant are genetically inherited. Thus nematodes do not infest resistant crop varieties. Also, nematodes do not stay in the soil where such varieties are grown. Even so, owning one is still beyond the reach of the average person. Therefore, crop varieties that are resistant or resistant to nematodes should be selected and cultivated.

Trap crops and adverse crops

The nematodes can control the most desirable crop by intercropping with the main crop or in the margins or as a trap crop. The nematodes select and eat the trap crop first. Such crops should be destroyed before the mother nematodes lay eggs. This can reduce the proliferation and infestation of nematodes. This requires knowing the nematodes and their way of life. Crop crops are considered to be better if they are green fodder or fodder crops. For example, you can control mulberry root-knot nematode by cultivating centaury in mulberry. Some crops secrete nematodes. For example, to control nematodes in vegetable gardens, intercropping crops with nematodes such as onions and garlic can be used. The fluid secreted by their roots helps to control nematodes.

Biological methods

When we put organic matter in the soil they promote beneficial predatory nematodes such as Mononcus, Diplocoster, Triphala. Predatory nematodes have an excellent oral structure that allows them to swallow harmful nematodes intact.

Fungi

Some fungi infect nematodes, which absorb nutrients from the body and kill them. An example of this is Cadimaria vermicular, which attacks the cane nematode. Some fungi act like parasites on nematodes and destroy them. Bacillomycetes, a fungus called Linnaeus, act as a parasite on the eggs of nematodes that attack tomatoes, eggplants, beets, and bananas. Trichoderma fungi have negative effects on nematodes and destroy them. All of these have negative effects on nematodes that attack and damage the root from the soil. Trichoderma Viridis, Trichoderma harsianum, Trichoderma koningi, Trichoderma Langi brocciatum are used to control root nodule nematodes appearing on crops such as tomato, betel, and banana. Of these, Trichoderma viride is the most readily available fungus. They also work best to control nematodes

Rhizobacteria

Rhizobacteria are bacteria that are attracted to chemicals secreted by the roots of crops and accumulate in the soil around the roots. Pseudomonas fluorescens is one such bacterium. These are capable of controlling root nodules and ovarian nematodes found in most crops. Similarly, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis plays an important role in nematode control.

Other links

Bio fence